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  2. Attenuation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation

    The medium is typically a fiber of silica glass that confines the incident light beam to the inside. Attenuation is an important factor limiting the transmission of a digital signal across large distances. Thus, much research has gone into both limiting the attenuation and maximizing the amplification of the optical signal.

  3. Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic...

    By recording the attenuation of light for various wavelengths, an absorption spectrum can be obtained. In physics , absorption of electromagnetic radiation is how matter (typically electrons bound in atoms ) takes up a photon 's energy —and so transforms electromagnetic energy into internal energy of the absorber (for example, thermal energy ).

  4. Electromagnetic absorption by water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption...

    Water vapor concentration for this gas mixture is 0.4%. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect. [25]

  5. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    Fresnel promptly confirmed by experiment that the equations correctly predicted the direction of polarization of the reflected beam when the incident beam was polarized at 45° to the plane of incidence, for light incident from air onto glass or water; in particular, the equations gave the correct polarization at Brewster's angle. [22]

  6. Attenuation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient

    The attenuation coefficient of a volume, denoted μ, is defined as [6] =, where Φ e is the radiant flux;; z is the path length of the beam.; Note that for an attenuation coefficient which does not vary with z, this equation is solved along a line from =0 to as:

  7. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

  8. Mathematical descriptions of opacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions...

    An electromagnetic wave propagating in the +z-direction is conventionally described by the equation: (,) = ⁡ [()], where E 0 is a vector in the x-y plane, with the units of an electric field (the vector is in general a complex vector, to allow for all possible polarizations and phases);

  9. Hydroxyl ion absorption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl_ion_absorption

    The hydroxyl (OH −) ion can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuation of discrete optical wavelengths, e.g., centred at 1.383 μm, used for communications via optical fibres. [2]