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[17] [4] It also has functional antiandrogenic effects by decreasing the circulating free fractions of androgens. [18] CPA is a progestin (synthetic progestogen ), or an agonist of the progesterone receptors , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone .
Dydrogesterone, sold under the brand name Duphaston among others, [1] is a progestin medication which is used for a variety of indications, including threatened or recurrent miscarriage during pregnancy, dysfunctional bleeding, infertility due to luteal insufficiency, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, secondary amenorrhea, irregular cycles, premenstrual syndrome, and as a component of menopausal ...
Different sources note different incidence of side effects. The most common side effect is breakthrough bleeding. COC pills can improve conditions such as dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and acne, [105] reduce symptoms of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome, and decrease the risk of anemia. [106]
Hormonal therapies to reduce or stop menstrual bleeding have long been used to manage a number of gynecologic conditions including menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea), heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular or other abnormal uterine bleeding, menstrual-related mood changes (premenstrual syndrome or premenstrual dysphoric disorder), and pelvic pain due to endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
The incidence of certain side effects is different for the different formulations: for example, breakthrough bleeding is much more common with progestogen-only methods. Certain serious complications occasionally caused by estrogen-containing contraceptives are not believed to be caused by progestogen-only formulations: deep vein thrombosis is ...
Extended or continuous use of COCPs or other combined hormonal contraceptives carries the same risk of side effects and medical risks as traditional COCP use. [citation needed] Pill Failure can happen with contraceptive pills and inadvertent pregnancies happen. [20] Use of oral contraceptive can impair muscle gains in young women. [21]
[2] [3] [4] It was the first product for use in menopausal hormone therapy containing CPA to be marketed [3] and is available in more than 40 countries. [2] Femilar, which is an estradiol-containing birth control pill , contains 1 to 2 mg estradiol valerate and 1 to 2 mg CPA, and has been approved for use in Finland since 1993.
The most common side-effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Vaginal ring use can include additional side-effects including vaginal irritation and vaginal discharge. Contraceptive skin patch use can also include a side-effect of skin irritation around the patch site. [39]