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Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes and by other geophysical techniques. [19] An informed choice can then be made of machinery and methods for excavation and ground support, which will reduce the risk of encountering unforeseen ground conditions.
The project was authorized in 1954 and imagined as "the greatest nondefense construction project in the history of Western Civilization". [6] The city determined that it needed a third water tunnel so that Tunnels 1 and 2 could be closed for inspection and repairs. Stage One construction of Tunnel 3 began in 1970 and completed in 1993.
The project also includes a pedestrian plaza on top of the tunnel. The plaza includes fountains, seating, artificial turf and landscaping, art, and a new intersection at Las Olas Boulevard and ...
The tunnel, which will be 18 kilometers (11.1 miles) long, is one of Europe’s largest infrastructure projects, with a construction budget of over 7 billion euros ($7.1 billion).
By 2019, project stakeholders had decided to create a bi-state agency to oversee the project's planning, funding, and construction of the rail tunnels and bridges. Creating this Gateway Development Commission required identical legislation in the New York and New Jersey legislatures, which both states passed on June 24, 2019.
The project includes building a new tunnel under the Hudson between North Jersey and Manhattan to boost service for NJ Transit and Amtrak riders.
Underground construction has a number of unique risks and challenges but shares a lot with traditional construction and mining. Underground construction workers often work under reduced light condition, in dangerous spaces, and are at a high risk of exposure to contaminants, fire, and explosions.