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The female or male external sphincter muscle of urethra (sphincter urethrae): located in the deep perineal pouch, at the bladder's distal inferior end in females, and inferior to the prostate (at the level of the membranous urethra) in males. It is a secondary sphincter to control the flow of urine through the urethra.
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), which relaxes the urethral sphincter and contracts the bladder, causing urination. Part of the SNS response to a full bladder is the release of catecholamines (including epinephrine , norepinephrine and dopamine ), which are dispatched to help restore or maintain blood pressure. [ 1 ]
Urinary retention is a relatively uncommon presentation in young women. Fowler's syndrome primarily presents in women between menarche and menopause. The peak age of onset is 26 yrs. [5] It is seen in about one third of the women who experience urinary retention. The predominant complaint is the inability to urinate for a day or more with no ...
The internal urethral sphincter is a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is located at the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder and is continuous with the detrusor muscle , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] but anatomically and functionally fully independent from it. [ 3 ]
Prevalence increases with age. The prevalence of nocturia in older men is about 78%. Older men have a higher incidence of LUTS than older women. [25] Around one third of men will develop urinary tract (outflow) symptoms, of which the principal underlying cause is benign prostatic hyperplasia. [26]
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]
The muscle helps maintain continence of urine along with the internal urethral sphincter which is under control of the autonomic nervous system.The external sphincter muscle prevents urine leakage as the muscle is tonically contracted via somatic fibers that originate in Onuf's nucleus and pass through sacral spinal nerves S2-S4 then the pudendal nerve to synapse on the muscle.
Urinary retention is an inability to completely empty the bladder. [1] Onset can be sudden or gradual. [1] When of sudden onset, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. [1] When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. [1]