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Many 32-bit computers have 32 physical address bits and are thus limited to 4 GiB (2 32 words) of memory. [3] [4] x86 processors prior to the Pentium Pro have 32 or fewer physical address bits; however, most x86 processors since the Pentium Pro, which was first sold in 1995, have the Physical Address Extension (PAE) mechanism, [5]: 445 which allows addressing up to 64 GiB (2 36 words) of memory.
The 2 GB limit refers to a physical memory barrier for a process running on a 32-bit operating system, which can only use a maximum of 2 GB of memory. [1] The problem mainly affects 32-bit versions of operating systems like Microsoft Windows and Linux , although some variants of the latter can overcome this barrier. [ 2 ]
The Linux kernel includes full PAE-mode support starting with version 2.3.23, [24] in 1999 enabling access of up to 64 GB of memory on 32-bit machines. A PAE-enabled Linux kernel requires that the CPU also support PAE. The Linux kernel supports PAE as a build option and major distributions provide a PAE kernel either as the default or as an option.
The Intel 8080 used by these computers was an 8-bit processor, with 16-bit address space, which allowed it access up to 64 KB of memory; .COM executables used with CP/M have a maximum size of 64 KB due to this, as do those used by DOS operating systems for 16-bit microprocessors.
A 32-bit register can store 2 32 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 32 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 4,294,967,295 (2 32 − 1) for representation as an binary number, and −2,147,483,648 (−2 31) through 2,147,483,647 (2 31 − 1) for representation as two's complement.
Puppy Linux 5.10 desktop running in RAM. This is a list of Linux distributions that can be run entirely from a computer's RAM, meaning that once the OS has been loaded to the RAM, the media it was loaded from can be completely removed, and the distribution will run the PC through the RAM only.
The size of a caching extent must range between 32 KB and 1 GB, and it must be a multiple of 32 KB; typically, the size of a caching extent is between 256 and 1024 KB. The choice of the caching extents bigger than disk sectors acts a compromise between the size of metadata and the possibility for wasting cache space.
Redhat Enterprise Linux 7 was published in 2014 only as a 64-bit operating system. [8] Ubuntu Linux stopped delivering a 32-bit variant in 2019. [9] Nvidia stopped to develop 32-bit drivers in 2018 and deliver updates after January 2019. [10] Apple stopped developing 32-bit Mac OS versions in 2018 delivering macOS Mojave only as a 64-bit ...