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Several independent sectors of South African society opposed apartheid through various means, including social movements, passive resistance, and guerrilla warfare.Mass action against the ruling National Party (NP) government, coupled with South Africa's growing international isolation and economic sanctions, were instrumental in leading to negotiations to end apartheid, which began formally ...
The Black Consciousness Movement started to develop during the late 1960s, and was led by Steve Biko, Mamphela Ramphele, and Barney Pityana [citation needed].During this period, which overlapped with apartheid, the ANC had committed to an armed struggle through its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe, but this small guerrilla army was neither able to seize and hold territory in South Africa nor to ...
The United Nations took note and called the apartheid policy a "threat to peace". [15] In the middle of April 1953, Chief Albert Luthuli, the President-General of the ANC, proclaimed that the Defiance Campaign would be called off so that the resistance groups could reorganize taking into consideration the new political climate in South Africa. [17]
[13] The organisation said that it adopted and advocated the strategy of ungovernability in 1984 and 1985 out of the recognition that the anti-apartheid struggle had reached "a critical stage". [14] The apartheid state largely subscribed to the notion that ungovernability was a coordinated strategy instigated and overseen by the ANC and its allies.
An anti-apartheid Defiance Campaign had been announced in the run up to the whites-only general election.With many political organisations banned and leaders in prison or detained without trial, the campaign was led by a broad cross-section of leaders, including religious leaders, community leaders and trade union activists, sometimes operating under the banner of the Mass Democratic Movement.
"Britain Awake" (also known as the Iron Lady speech) [1] was a speech made by British Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher at Kensington Town Hall, London, on 19 January 1976. The speech was strongly anti-Soviet , with Thatcher stating that the Soviet Union was "bent on world domination " and taking advantage of détente to make gains in ...
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Anti-apartheid may refer to any opposition to apartheid, the 1948–94 racial policy of the South African government; in particular: Internal resistance to apartheid , within South Africa Anti-Apartheid Movement , an organisation founded in Britain