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A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make"). [1] Castillo San Felipe del Morro, Puerto Rico.
A bastion fort or trace italienne (a phrase derived from non-standard French, meaning 'Italian outline') is a fortification in a style developed during the early modern period in response to the ascendancy of gunpowder weapons such as cannon, which rendered earlier medieval approaches to fortification obsolete.
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With the increase in firearm warfare in the early modern period of gunpowder when the cannon came to dominate the battlefield, came significant shifts in military strategy and fort design. One of these changes was the development of the bastion fort, or alla moderna fortifications, with a polygon-shaped fortress with bulwarks at the corners. [1]
Fort Carré; Fort Jesus, built in the 15th century in Mombassa by the Portuguese; Götavirke (Sweden) Great Wall of China, built as a protection from the northern steppe nomads; Great Abatis Border; Gustav Line, a fortified German defensive line in Italy during the Second World War; Hadrian's Wall, built by the Romans in northern Britain
An orillon, also known as an orillion, is an architectural element of a military fortification. The ear-shaped projection of masonry provided defense for guns and soldiers at the flank of a bastion. However, an orillon could also shield a city gate.
A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, [1] most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the flanks being able to protect the curtain wall and the adjacent bastions. [ 2 ]
An 1868 plan of Fort I of the ring fortress at Magdeburg, typical of mid-19th century polygonal forts. A polygonal fort is a type of fortification originating in France in the late 18th century and fully developed in Germany in the first half of the 19th century.