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  2. Mountain formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_formation

    Movements of tectonic plates create volcanoes along the plate boundaries, which erupt and form mountains. A volcanic arc system is a series of volcanoes that form near a subduction zone where the crust of a sinking oceanic plate melts and drags water down with the subducting crust. [9] The Dome of Vitosha mountain next to Sofia

  3. Plate tectonics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics

    In the 1990s, it was proposed that Martian Crustal Dichotomy was created by plate tectonic processes. [101] Scientists have since determined that it was created either by upwelling within the Martian mantle that thickened the crust of the Southern Highlands and formed Tharsis [102] or by a giant impact that excavated the Northern Lowlands. [103]

  4. Glossary of landforms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms

    Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading; Mud volcano – Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases; Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor; Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology

  5. Landform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform

    A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition (also due to human activity), can generate and affect landforms. Biological factors can also influence landforms—for example, note the role of vegetation in the development of dune systems and salt marshes, and the work of corals and algae in the formation of coral reefs.

  6. Geology of the Rocky Mountains - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains

    The Rocky Mountains took shape during an intense period of plate tectonic activity that resulted in much of the rugged landscape of western North America. The Laramide orogeny, about 80–55 million years ago, was the last of the three episodes and was responsible for raising the Rocky Mountains. [1]

  7. Mid-ocean ridge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge

    Plate tectonics was a suitable explanation for seafloor spreading, and the acceptance of plate tectonics by the majority of geologists resulted in a major paradigm shift in geological thinking. It is estimated that along Earth's mid-ocean ridges every year 2.7 km 2 (1.0 sq mi) of new seafloor is formed by this process. [50]

  8. Orogeny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny

    The compressive forces produced by plate convergence result in pervasive deformation of the crust of the continental margin (thrust tectonics). [27] This takes the form of folding of the ductile deeper crust and thrust faulting in the upper brittle crust. [28] Crustal thickening raises mountains through the principle of isostasy. [29]

  9. List of tectonic plates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates

    Indo-Australian plate – Major tectonic plate formed by the fusion of the Indian and Australian plates (sometimes considered to be two separate tectonic plates) – 58,900,000 km 2 (22,700,000 sq mi) Australian plate – Major tectonic plate separated from Indo-Australian plate about 3 million years ago – 47,000,000 km 2 (18,000,000 sq mi)

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