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This is a partial list of text and image duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward. Some are mechanical and some are chemical. Some are mechanical and some are chemical.
To dampen the tissue paper, the clerk used a brush or copying paper damper. The damper had a reservoir for water that wet a cloth, and the clerk wiped the cloth over the tissues on which copies were to be made. As an alternative method of dampening the tissue paper, in 1860 Cutter, Tower & Co., Boston, advertised Lynch's patent paper moistener.
A mimeograph machine (often abbreviated to mimeo, sometimes called a stencil duplicator or stencil machine) was a low-cost duplicating machine that worked by forcing ink through a stencil onto paper. [1] The process was called mimeography, and a copy made by the process was a mimeograph.
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the process of repeating a study or experiment under the same or similar conditions. It is a crucial step to test the original claim and confirm or reject the accuracy of results as well as for identifying and correcting the flaws in the original experiment. [1]
The duplicating fluid typically consisted mostly of methanol or ethanol, both of which were inexpensive, readily available in quantity, evaporated quickly, and would not wrinkle the paper. Sometimes small amounts of other solvents such as “cellosolve“ were added to improve image quality.
Duplicating machines, machines and processes designed to reproduce printed material, photocopying being among the best-known today; see also List of duplicating processes; Loop bin duplicator, a device designed to copy pre-recorded audio tapes; Double track, a method of railway design also known as track duplication
The special aniline dyes for making the master image came in the form of ink or in pens, pencils, carbon paper and even typewriter ribbon. Hectograph pencils and pens are sometimes still available. Various other inks have been found usable to varying degrees in the process; master sheets for spirit duplicators have also been pressed into ...