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Apsley Pellatt in his book Curiosities of Glass Making was the first to use the term "millefiori", which appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1849; prior to that, the beads were called mosaic beads. While the use of this technique long precedes the term "millefiori", it is now most frequently associated with Venetian glassware. [2] [3]
Glassblowers at work. Retort making. A very important advance in glass manufacture was the technique of adding lead oxide to the molten glass; this improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea-coal as a furnace fuel. This technique also increased the "working period" of the glass, making it easier to manipulate.
Blenko Glass Company used this method to make flat glass during the 20th century, but it used a process patented by William Blenko that used molds for the cylinder to enable consistency in the size of the glass. In Blenko's case, slight imperfections were desired for the purpose of giving the flat glass the appearance of antique glass. [1]
Roman and Byzantine glass-making was divided into two phases. The first, called "primary glass-making" involved the conversion of sand and stabilizer into raw glass. Separate workshops would then re-heat the glass and shape it into an object, in a phase referred to as "secondary glass-making".
Potash glass is a glass that uses potash or K 2 O as a flux in order to decrease the melting point of the glass and is the most common type of glass found in SE Asia. [ 22 ] Detailed compositional data recently summarised by (Lankton, & Dussubieux 2006) has uncovered several distinct and yet contemporaneous glass technologies across the Indian ...
The copper tube helps make many other different shapes. The lamp-work method is the most time-consuming method of glass bead-making, as each bead must be formed individually. Using a torch for heat, Murano glass rods and tubes are heated to a molten state and wrapped around a metal rod until the desired shape is achieved. Several layers of ...
Glass was not pressed in the United States until the 1820s. [8] Until the 20th century, window glass production involved blowing a cylinder and flattening it. [9] Two major methods to make window glass, the crown method and the cylinder method, were used until the process was changed much later in the 1920s. [10]
These related techniques were often combined in a single piece, but the engraving tended to be relegated to less prominent positions. In the 19th century cut glass continued to dominate, and new techniques of etched glass, cheaper than engraving, also took some of the role formerly occupied by engraving. By the later part of the century, a ...