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  2. James while John had had had had had had had had had had had ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_while_John_had_had...

    The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.

  3. Phrase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase

    In grammar, a phrase—called expression in some contexts—is a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit. For instance, the English expression "the very happy squirrel" is a noun phrase which contains the adjective phrase "very happy". Phrases can consist of a single word or a complete sentence.

  4. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps...

    In an article titled "Current Notes" in the February 9, 1885, edition, the phrase is mentioned as a good practice sentence for writing students: "A favorite copy set by writing teachers for their pupils is the following, because it contains every letter of the alphabet: 'A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ' " [1] Dozens of other ...

  5. English grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

    The word there in such sentences has sometimes been analyzed as an adverb, or as a dummy predicate, rather than as a pronoun. [17] However, its identification as a pronoun is most consistent with its behavior in inverted sentences and question tags as described above.

  6. Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause

    The wh-word focuses a particular constituent, and most of the time, it appears in clause-initial position. The following examples illustrate standard interrogative wh-clauses. The b-sentences are direct questions (independent clauses), and the c-sentences contain the corresponding indirect questions (embedded clauses): a. Sam likes the meat.

  7. Dependent clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clause

    A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus (one or more) dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence. (Every clause contains a subject and predicate.) Here are some English examples: My sister cried because she scraped her knee ...

  8. Noun phrase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase

    This same conception can be found in subsequent grammars, such as 1878's A Tamil Grammar [8] or 1882's Murby's English grammar and analysis, where the conception of an X phrase is a phrase that can stand in for X. [9] By 1912, the concept of a noun phrase as being based around a noun can be found, for example, "an adverbial noun phrases is a ...

  9. Subject–auxiliary inversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject–auxiliary_inversion

    The main uses of subject–auxiliary inversion in English are described in the following sections, although other types can occasionally be found. [4] Most of these uses of inversion are restricted to main clauses; they are not found in subordinate clauses. However other types (such as inversion in condition clauses) are specific to subordinate ...