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Southern California Marine Institute, a multi-campus research station on Terminal Island in the Los Angeles area. University of Alaska Fairbanks , College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, which also houses the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research , is based in Fairbanks, Alaska and also has a small station in Seward, Alaska .
improved capability for ocean color observations in coastal and turbid waters; improved interpretation of sea-ice data from satellites; satellite measurement of salinity; Observing system evaluation and design, including improvements in air-sea flux parameterizations. Improvements in ocean platforms, including increased capabilities for Argo floats
The extent of the ocean surface down into the ocean is influenced by the amount of mixing that takes place between the surface water and the deeper water. This depends on the temperature: in the tropics the warm surface layer of about 100 m is quite stable and does not mix much with deeper water, while near the poles winter cooling and storms makes the surface layer denser and it mixes to ...
The U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System consists of eleven independent Regional Associations (RAs) that serve stakeholder needs within their respective regions. From a coastal perspective, the global ocean component is critical for providing data and information on basin scale forcings (e.g., ENSO events), as well as providing the data and ...
Weather Buoy / Data Buoy / Oceanographic Buoy operated by the Marine Data Service. The first known proposal for surface weather observations at sea occurred in connection with aviation in August 1927, when Grover Loening stated that "weather stations along the ocean coupled with the development of the seaplane to have an equally long range, would result in regular ocean flights within ten years."
At Ocean Station Papa in the Gulf of Alaska the temperature and salinity at the surface might be about 6°C and 32.55 parts per thousand giving a density of sea-water of 1.0256 g/cm 3. At a depth of 2000 metres (pressure of 2000 decibars) the temperature might be 2°C and the salinity 34.58 parts per thousand.
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The increase of both ocean surface temperature and deeper ocean temperature is an important effect of climate change on oceans. [11] Deep ocean water is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. Deep ocean water has a very uniform temperature ...