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While reptile scales use a sophisticated naming system (see figures), there has been a certain confusion because of synonymous names. For instance, the ventral scales are often called ventrals but gastrosteges is common in the older literature. In more recent publications they are often abbreviated as VSR (for ventral scale rows) or simply V. [4]
Most snakes have extra broad scales on the belly, each scale covering the belly from side to side. The scales of all reptiles have an epidermal component (what one sees on the surface), but many reptiles, such as crocodilians and turtles, have osteoderms underlying the epidermal scale.
Scales in the central or throat region, which are in contact with the first ventral scales of a snake's body and are flanked by the chin shields, are called gular scales. The mental groove is a longitudinal groove on the underside of the head between the large, paired chin shields and continuing between the smaller gular scales.
Reptiles, including snakes, possess extensive keratinization of the epidermis in the form of epidermal scales. [10] A snake's epidermis is composed of four layers. The outer layer of a snake's skin is shed periodically, and is therefore a temporary layer, and is highly keratinized.
The ratio of scale size to osteoderm size and their organization vary by species. [7] The majority of species have a one to one ratio of scales to osteoderms, with little correlation between the layout. [3] In the girdle-tailed lizards, for example, the scales and osteoderms are of the same size and shape and are organized alongside each other.
The epidermal scutes of the alligator consists of oblong horny scales, arranged in transverse rows; the long axes of the scales are parallel to that of the body.On the tail, except along the mid-dorsal line, and on the ventral side of the trunk and head these scales are very regular in outline and arrangement; on the sides of the head and trunk and on the legs they are much smaller and less ...
The best way to store vitamins for optimal shelf-life Elements like heat, humidity, light, and air are the “main enemies of vitamin freshness,” says Blatner. “Keep them cool, dry, and out of ...
2.2 Examples of reptiles. ... The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to reptiles: ... Reptile scales; Reptile reproduction