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The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. [1] This cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered by Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit in 1932, [2] [3] [4] five years before the discovery of the TCA cycle. The urea cycle was described in more detail later on by Ratner and Cohen.
Ammonium carbamate is an intermediate in the industrial production of urea. A typical industrial plant that makes urea can produce up to 4000 tons a day. [15] in this reactor and can then be dehydrated to urea according to the following equation: [14] [NH 2 CO 2][NH 4] → (NH 2) 2 CO + H 2 O
Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930 Carl Bosch, 1927. The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 [1] and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser [2] for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea. This chemical reaction was described in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler. [1] It is often cited as the starting point of modern organic chemistry. Although the Wöhler reaction concerns the conversion of ammonium cyanate, this salt appears only as an
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. [1] Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases. In the human body, deamination takes place primarily in the liver; however, it can also occur in the kidney. In situations of excess protein intake, deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy.
Ammonia forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as I 2, phenol, and Al(CH 3) 3. Ammonia is a hard base (HSAB theory) and its E & C parameters are E B = 2.31 and C B = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots .
The ammonia generated in this process can then be neutralized into urea via the urea cycle. Much of the oxidative deamination occurring in cells involves the amino acid glutamate, which can be oxidatively deaminated by the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), using NAD or NADP as a coenzyme. This reaction generates α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and ...
In land-dwelling animals, it is an intermediary metabolite in nitrogen disposal through the urea cycle and the synthesis of pyrimidines. Its enzymatic counterpart, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I), interacts with a class of molecules called sirtuins, NAD dependent protein deacetylases, and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate.