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The most common adverse effects of tramadol include nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, indigestion, abdominal pain, vertigo, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, and headache. [34] [35] Other side effects may result from interactions with other medications. Tramadol has the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine including respiratory ...
Bradycardia; Hypertension (high blood pressure); Allergic reactions (e.g. dyspnoea (shortness of breath), bronchospasm, wheezing, angioneurotic oedema) Anaphylaxis; Changes in appetite
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.
This side effect is dose-dependent and occurs in both therapeutic and recreational users. Morphine can interfere with menstruation by suppressing levels of luteinizing hormone. Many studies suggest the majority (perhaps as many as 90%) of chronic opioid users have opioid-induced hypogonadism.
Tramadol and tapentadol carry additional risks associated with their dual effects as SNRIs and can cause serotonin syndrome and seizures. Despite these risks, there is evidence to suggest that these drugs have a lower risk of respiratory depression compared to morphine.
(+)-Desmetramadol is a G-protein biased μ-opioid receptor full agonist. [4] It shows comparatively far lower affinity for the δ-and κ-opioid receptors. [5]The two enantiomers of desmetramadol show quite distinct pharmacological profiles; [6] both (+) and (−)-desmetramadol are inactive as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [7] but (−)-desmetramadol retains activity as a norepinephrine ...
The potency of tapentadol is somewhere between that of tramadol and morphine, [17] with an analgesic efficacy comparable to that of oxycodone despite a lower incidence of side effects. [7] It is generally regarded as a moderately strong opioid.
[3] [4] It is around half the potency of morphine as an analgesic, [5] [6] and has been widely used for the treatment of pain. [7] [8] Trimeperidine produces similar effects to other opioids, such as analgesia and sedation, along with side effects such as nausea, itching, vomiting, and respiratory depression which may be harmful or fatal.