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2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

   Zener diode shown with typical packages. Reverse current is shown. Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse ...

3. Noise generator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_generator

   Zener diode based noise source. A noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (i.e., a random signal). Noise generators are used to test signals for measuring noise figure, frequency response, and other parameters. Noise generators are also used for generating random numbers. [1]

4. Zener effect - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

   In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...

5. Voltage reference - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_reference

   Zener diodes are also frequently used to provide a reference voltage of moderate stability and accuracy, useful for many electronic devices. An avalanche diode displays a similar stable voltage over a range of current. The most stable diodes of this type are made by temperature-compensating a Zener diode by placing it in series with a forward ...

6. Current source - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_source

   Figure 5: Typical constant current source (CCS) using LED instead of Zener diode. The Zener diode can be replaced by any other diode; e.g., a light-emitting diode LED1 as shown in Figure 5. The LED voltage drop (V D) is now used to derive the constant voltage and also has the additional advantage of tracking (compensating) V BE changes due to ...

7. Clipper (electronics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_(electronics)

   Two shunt diode clipper circuit. In the example circuit on the right, two zener diodes are used to clip the voltage V IN.The voltage in either direction is limited to the reverse breakdown voltage plus the forward voltage drop across one zener diode.