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Big data "size" is a constantly moving target; as of 2012 ranging from a few dozen terabytes to many zettabytes of data. [26] Big data requires a set of techniques and technologies with new forms of integration to reveal insights from data-sets that are diverse, complex, and of a massive scale. [27]
The data from a study can also be analyzed to consider secondary hypotheses inspired by the initial results, or to suggest new studies. A secondary analysis of the data from a planned study uses tools from data analysis, and the process of doing this is mathematical statistics. Data analysis is divided into:
Revolution Analytics – production-grade software for the enterprise big data analytics; RStudio – GUI interface and development environment for R; ROOT – an open-source C++ system for data storage, processing and analysis, developed by CERN and used to find the Higgs boson; Salstat – menu-driven statistics software
Tukey defined data analysis in 1961 as: "Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier, more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of (mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data." [3]
However, data has staged a comeback with the popularisation of the term big data, which refers to the collection and analyses of massive sets of data. While big data is a recent phenomenon, the requirement for data to aid decision-making traces back to the early 1970s with the emergence of decision support systems (DSS).
Analytics is the application of mathematics and statistics to big data. Data scientists write analytics programs to look for solutions to business problems, like forecasting demand or setting an optimal price. The continuous approach runs multiple stateless engines which concurrently enrich, aggregate, infer and act on the data.
Data analysis is a process for obtaining raw data, and subsequently converting it into information useful for decision-making by users. [1] Data is collected and analyzed to answer questions, test hypotheses, or disprove theories. [11] Statistician John Tukey, defined data analysis in 1961, as:
A cloud-based architecture for enabling big data analytics. Data flows from various sources, such as personal computers, laptops, and smart phones, through cloud services for processing and analysis, finally leading to various big data applications. Cloud computing can offer access to large amounts of computational power and storage. [40]