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Fluocinolone acetonide (0.01%)/Hydroquinone (4%)/ Tretinoin (0.05%) Cream is indicated for the short-term (up to 8 weeks) treatment of moderate to severe melasma of the face in the presence of measures for sun avoidance, including the use of sunscreens.
Hydroquinone is used as a topical application in skin whitening to reduce the color of skin. It does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as metol does. This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries, including the member states of the European Union under Directives 76/768/EEC:1976. [23] [24]
Benzoyl peroxide is an over the counter, ... This treatment has a 4.5-star average rating from over 600 reviews at Sephora. ... (a topical bleaching cream) can cause skin discoloration when ...
Seborrhoeic dermatitis (also spelt seborrheic dermatitis in American English) is a long-term skin disorder. [4] Symptoms include flaky, scaly, greasy, and occasionally itchy and inflamed skin. [2] [3] Areas of the skin rich in oil-producing glands are often affected including the scalp, face, and chest. [4]
Topical depigmenting agents, such as hydroquinone (HQ) either in over-the-counter (OTC – 2%) or prescription (4%) strength. [9] HQ inhibits tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Tretinoin, [10] a retinoid, increases skin cell (keratinocyte) turnover. This treatment is not used during pregnancy due to risk of harm to the ...
Other formulations have been developed over time. In 1916, Marcel Daufresne substituted sodium bicarbonate for Dakin's boric acid as buffering agent. [7] [17] This formulation is the basis of current commercial products. [18] The concentration chosen by Dakin (0.5%) was the maximum highest concentration found tolerable to the skin.
[18] [19] Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised, [20] and the use of it became more regulated in several countries and discouraged in general by WHO. [21] For the US, only 2% is at present sold over-the-counter, and 4% needs prescription.
4 O 3 which can be viewed as a derivative of a benzoquinone through replacement of one hydrogen atom (H) by a hydroxyl group (-OH). When unqualified, the terms usually mean specifically the compound 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, derived from 1,4-benzoquinone. That parent is sometimes simply called quinone, and this is the only hydroxy derivative ...
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