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LIGA consists of three main processing steps: lithography, electroplating, and molding. There are two main LIGA-fabrication technologies, X-Ray LIGA, which uses X-rays produced by a synchrotron to create high-aspect-ratio structures, and UV LIGA, a more accessible method which uses ultraviolet light to create structures with relatively low aspect ratios.
Copper electroplating machine for layering PCBs. Electroplating, also known as electrochemical deposition or electrodeposition, is a process for producing a metal coating on a solid substrate through the reduction of cations of that metal by means of a direct electric current.
A past paper is an examination paper from a previous year or previous years, usually used either for exam practice or for tests such as University of Oxford, [1] [2] University of Cambridge [3] College Collections. Exam candidates find past papers valuable in test preparation.
The beginning of modern science-based chemical or electrochemical coloring of metals is marked by Leopoldo Nobili's (1784–1835) discovery of Nobilis colored rings in 1826. [10] Leonhard Elsner, Alexander Watt, Antoine César Becquerel (1788–1878) and Rudolf Christian Böttger (1806–1881) are also important people in the early history of ...
[5] [8] Cyanide copper baths typically provide high covering and throwing power, allowing uniform and complete coverage of the substrate, but often plate at lower current efficiency. [2] They produce a metal finish favored for its diffusion blocking character. Diffusion blocking is used to improve the long term adherence of different metals, e ...
Three employees at a Maryland Cracker Barrel have reportedly been dismissed after staff refused to seat a group of students with special needs on Dec. 3 Superintendent of Charles County Public ...
The upbeat report came a day after the Federal Reserve delivered a third consecutive interest rate cut, but projected only two rate r US weekly jobless claims fall; third-quarter GDP growth ...
Nickel electroplating is a process of depositing nickel onto a metal part. Parts to be plated must be clean and free of dirt, corrosion, and defects before plating can begin. [ 3 ] To clean and protect the part during the plating process, a combination of heat treating , cleaning, masking, pickling , and etching may be used. [ 1 ]