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By a majority of six votes to one, the court held Tyrer's birching to constitute degrading treatment contrary to the Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. [2] Significant conclusions of the case included that "the Convention is a living instrument which, as the Commission rightly stressed, must be interpreted in the light of ...
The punishment of Birching and cat o' nine tails continued to be used in Northern Ireland into the 1940s. [7] The Isle of Man caused a good deal of controversy by continuing to birch young offenders until 1976. [8] [9] The birch was also used on offending teenage boys until the mid-1960s on the Channel Islands of Guernsey and Jersey.
Judicial corporal punishment is the infliction of corporal punishment as a result of a sentence imposed on an offender by a court of law, including flagellation (also called flogging or whipping), forced amputations, caning, bastinado, birching, or strapping.
Articles relating to the domestic donkey (Equus africanus asinus). It is a hoofed mammal in the family Equidae, the same family as the horse. It derives from the African wild ass, Equus africanus. It was domesticated in Africa some 5000–7000 years ago,and has been used mainly as a working animal since that time.
In the Roman Empire, the maximum penalty which a Roman citizen could receive under the law was 40 "lashes" or 40 "strokes" with a whip which was applied to the back and shoulders, or 40 lashes or strokes with the "fasces" (similar to a birch rod, but consisting of 8–10 lengths of willow rather than birch) which were applied to the buttocks ...
An adult male donkey is a jack or jackass, an adult female is a jenny or jennet, [4] [5] [6] and an immature donkey of either sex is a foal. [6] Jacks are often mated with female horses (mares) to produce mules ; the less common hybrid of a male horse (stallion) and jenny is a hinny .
The Martina Franca donkey was in the past used as a beast of burden and as a light draught animal, but its principal use was in the production of mules, particularly when crossed with the Murgese horse to produce the well-known mulo martinese, or "mule of Martina Franca", which was exported throughout Italy and much used in the First World War.
Indonesia is a major producer of chicken meat, with the third-largest chicken flock in the world (behind China and the United States) at 1.79 billion chickens in 2013. [2] Poultry meat accounts for about 87% of total Indonesian meat consumption, due to its greater affordability and dietary restrictions on pig meat (88% of Indonesians are Muslim ...