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  2. Closed-form expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form_expression

    The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).

  3. Sentence (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(mathematical_logic)

    In mathematical logic, a sentence (or closed formula) [1] of a predicate logic is a Boolean-valued well-formed formula with no free variables. A sentence can be viewed as expressing a proposition , something that must be true or false.

  4. Deductive closure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_closure

    In mathematical logic, a set ⁠ ⁠ of logical formulae is deductively closed if it contains every formula ⁠ ⁠ that can be logically deduced from ⁠ ⁠, formally: if ⁠ ⁠ always implies ⁠ ⁠.

  5. Complete theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_theory

    In mathematical logic, a theory is complete if it is consistent and for every closed formula in the theory's language, either that formula or its negation is provable. That is, for every sentence φ , {\displaystyle \varphi ,} the theory T {\displaystyle T} contains the sentence or its negation but not both (that is, either T ⊢ φ ...

  6. Quantifier (logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)

    In logic, a quantifier is an operator that specifies how many individuals in the domain of discourse satisfy an open formula. For instance, the universal quantifier ∀ {\displaystyle \forall } in the first order formula ∀ x P ( x ) {\displaystyle \forall xP(x)} expresses that everything in the domain satisfies the property denoted by P ...

  7. Decidability of first-order theories of the real numbers

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidability_of_first...

    The theory of real closed fields is the theory in which the primitive operations are multiplication and addition; this implies that, in this theory, the only numbers that can be defined are the real algebraic numbers. As proven by Tarski, this theory is decidable; see Tarski–Seidenberg theorem and Quantifier elimination.

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  9. Deduction theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduction_theorem

    The deduction theorem for predicate logic is similar, but comes with some extra constraints (that would for example be satisfied if is a closed formula). In general a deduction theorem needs to take into account all logical details of the theory under consideration, so each logical system technically needs its own deduction theorem, although ...