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The description above is given for what is now called a serially concatenated code. Turbo codes, as described first in 1993, implemented a parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes, with an interleaver between the two codes and an iterative decoder that passes information forth and back between the codes. [6]
Polar performance can be improved with successive cancellation list decoding, but its usability in real applications is still questionable due to very poor implementation efficiencies caused by the iterative approach. [3] In October 2016, Huawei announced that it had achieved 27 Gbit/s in 5G field trial tests using polar codes for channel coding.
The strings over an alphabet, with the concatenation operation, form an associative algebraic structure with identity element the null string—a free monoid. Sets of strings with concatenation and alternation form a semiring, with concatenation (*) distributing over alternation (+); 0 is the empty set and 1 the set consisting of just the null ...
This convention is carried over to the syntax in programming languages, [2] although often with indexes starting at 0 instead of 1. [3] Even though the row is indicated by the first index and the column by the second index, no grouping order between the dimensions is implied by this. The choice of how to group and order the indices, either by ...
[4]: 114 A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data structure of rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet, and analogous to a Python dictionary mapping column names (keys) to Series (values), with each Series sharing an index. [4]: 115 DataFrames can be concatenated together or "merged" on columns or indices in a manner similar to joins in SQL.
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BOSTON (Reuters) -McKinsey & Co has agreed to pay $650 million to resolve a U.S. Department of Justice investigation into the consulting firm's work advising opioid manufacturer OxyContin maker ...
In Tulsa, Oklahoma, Rachel and her husband, the couple behind 12dogsandcounting, have built a life centered around rescuing and adopting dogs. Their place is home to 12 rescue dogs, many of whom ...