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There is an 8.1% incidence of low birth weight in developed countries, and 6–30% in developing countries. Much of this can be attributed to the health of the mother during pregnancy. One third of babies born with a low birth weight are also small for gestational age.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or fetal growth restriction, is the poor growth of a fetus while in the womb during pregnancy. IUGR is defined by clinical features of malnutrition and evidence of reduced growth regardless of an infant's birth weight percentile. [ 5 ]
764 Slow fetal growth and fetal malnutrition. 764.0 Newborn, light-for-dates, weight unspec. 765 Disorders relating to short gestation and unspecified low birthweight. 765.1 Preterm infant, weight unspec. 766 Disorders relating to long gestation and high birthweight. 766.0 Exceptionally large baby, 4,500g plus. 766.21 Post-term infant
Other algorithms take into account other variables, such as whether this is the first or subsequent child, the mother's race, age, length of menstrual cycle, and menstrual regularity. In order to have a standard reference point, the normal pregnancy duration is assumed by medical professionals to be 280 days (or 40 weeks) of gestational age.
An abnormally slow growth rate results in the infant being small for gestational age, while an abnormally large growth rate results in the infant being large for gestational age. A slow growth rate and preterm birth are the two factors that can cause a low birth weight. Low birth weight (below 2000 grams) can slightly increase the likelihood of ...
Prenatal nutrition addresses nutrient recommendations before and during pregnancy. Nutrition and weight management before and during pregnancy has a profound effect on the development of infants. This is a rather critical time for healthy development since infants rely heavily on maternal stores and nutrients for optimal growth and health ...
A low birth weight can be caused either by a preterm birth (low gestational age at birth) or the infant being small for gestational age (slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both. [10] Small for gestational age is defined as below the 10th percentile for gestational age and sex. [11]
The Ballard Maturational Assessment, Ballard Score, or Ballard Scale, is a commonly used technique of gestational age assessment. It was devised by Dr Jeanne L. Ballard, professor emeritus of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.