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The COPERT methodology is also part of the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook. The Guidebook, developed by the UNECE Task Force on Emissions Inventories and Projections, is intended to support reporting under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and the EU directive on national emission limits.
The steam to oil ratio is a measure of the water and energy consumption related to oil production in cyclic steam stimulation and steam assisted gravity drainage oil production. SOR is the ratio of unit of steam required to produce unit of Oil. The typical values are three to eight and two to five respectively.
Steam engines use water vapor to push pistons or turbines, and that movement creates work. The quantitatively described steam quality (steam dryness) is the proportion of saturated steam in a saturated water/steam mixture. In other words, a steam quality of 0 indicates 100% liquid, while a steam quality of 1 (or 100%) indicates 100% steam.
Both technologies involve transducers that are simply clamped on to the pipe and programmed with the pipe size and schedule and can be used to calculate flow. Such meters can be used to measure almost any dry gas including natural gas, nitrogen, compressed air, and steam. Clamp-on meters are available for measuring liquid flow as well.
Figure 2 is an example of a generalized compressibility factor graph derived from hundreds of experimental PVT data points of 10 pure gases, namely methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, n-butane, i-pentane, n-hexane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and steam.
The vapors from the top of the column are a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and naphtha, at a temperature of 120 °C–130 °C. The vapor stream associated with steam used at the bottom of the column is condensed by the water cooler and the liquid collected in a vessel is known as a reflux drum which is present at the top of the column.
where: log refers to the logarithm in base 10 e * is the saturation water vapor pressure T is the absolute air temperature in kelvins T st is the steam-point (i.e. boiling point at 1 atm.) temperature (373.15 K)
Steam is water vapour (water in the gas phase), often mixed with air and/or an aerosol of liquid water droplets. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling ...