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The Penan's struggle began in the 1960s when the Indonesian and Malaysian governments opened up large areas of Borneo's interior to commercial logging. [13] In most cases, the largest and most lucrative logging concessions went to members of the island's political and business elites.
The Penan people were one of the last remaining indigenous groups. While a minority retain traditional nomadic ways, most have settled down and adopted modern clothing, with less attention paid to traditional hairstyles, dangling earlobe modification, and traditional rattan bangles. [8] [9]
Within the Penan, however, Manser was known as "Laki Penan" (Penan Man), having earned the respect of the tribe that adopted him. [1] [7] Manser created notebooks that were richly illustrated with drawings, notes, and 10,000 photographs during his six-year stay from 1984 to 1990 with the Penan people. [2]
The Penan are the only true nomadic people in Sarawak and are amongst the last of the world's hunter-gatherers. The Penan make their home under the rainforest canopy, deep within the vast expanse of Sarawak's jungles. Even today, the Penan continue to roam the rainforest hunting wild boar and deer with blowpipes. [citation needed]
Penan village at Melinau river near the national park. The local population in and around the park are the Orang Ulu, Kiput, Kenyah people, Kayan people, Mulut and Penan tribes. Penan people originally maintained a nomadic way of life, but they are now semi-settled around at the southwest portion of the park at Batu Bungan and Long Iman.
Batu Lawi is sacred to many of the people who live in the region, such as the Kelabit and the Penan.According to the legends of the Kelabit people, the mountain's peaks are a husband and wife—a pair of protector gods that are the parents of all highland peoples.
Ulu Baram is a remote area of Sarawak in Malaysia.It is an encased alluvial plain, created in part by the Baram River.. The forest is certified for logging. Most of Ulu Baram belongs to the traditional area of the Orang Ulu (Upriver People), a collective name that includes the Penan people (about 10,000 overall), Kayan, Kenyah, Saban, Punan and Kelabit.
Borneo (/ ˈ b ɔːr n i oʊ /; also known as Kalimantan in the Indonesian language) is the third-largest island in the world, with an area of 748,168 km 2 (288,869 sq mi), and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses).