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A fountain pen is a writing instrument that uses a metal nib to apply water-based ink, or special pigment ink—suitable for fountain pens—to paper.It is distinguished from earlier dip pens by using an internal reservoir to hold ink, eliminating the need to repeatedly dip the pen in an inkwell during use.
According to Mathur et al., "the modern fountain pen nib may be traced back to the original gold nib which had a tiny fragment of ruby attached to form the wear-point." [ 18 ] Following the discovery of the platinum group of metals which include ruthenium , osmium and iridium , "a small quantity of iridium was isolated and used on the iridium ...
Retipping refers to the repair and application of iridium tipping material to fountain pen nibs.. Iridium is one of the five platinum group metals. When platinum is mined, it is usually found with one or more of its five sister metals, called the platinum group metals: palladium, osmium, rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium.
Starting in 1944, the Parker 51 fountain pen was fitted with a nib tipped by a ruthenium and iridium alloy (with 3.8% iridium). The tip material in modern fountain pens is still conventionally called "iridium", although there is seldom any iridium in it; other metals such as ruthenium, osmium, and tungsten have taken its place. [103]
Fountain pens carry ink within the barrel, traditionally either inserted at one end in bulk with a syringe or eyedropper pipette, or through a mechanical filling system built into the pen (such as a piston or vacuum-pump mechanism). For such fountain pens, ink is available in bottles which will typically refill an individual pen many tens of times.
Harrison tried to defend the trade return of Anthony Davis by saying "defense wins championships," while reporters relayed concerns about Donฤiฤ's conditioning and upcoming contract, but that ...
Manufacturers use its alloys with platinum, iridium, and other platinum-group metals to make fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and in other applications that require extreme durability and hardness. [12] Osmium is among the rarest elements in the Earth's crust, making up only 50 parts per trillion . [13] [14]
Founded in 1846, it is one of the oldest pen manufacturers in the world. Cross' products include fountain, ballpoint, and rollerball pens, mechanical pencils and refills. The company also manufactures accessories for those goods such as cases and wallets. The company has also owned Sheaffer, another pen manufacturer, since 2014. [3]
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