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Various methods have been proposed for measuring influence. [3] [4] Assume an estimated regression = +, where is an n×1 column vector for the response variable, is the n×k design matrix of explanatory variables (including a constant), is the n×1 residual vector, and is a k×1 vector of estimates of some population parameter .
When only the equality of the two groups means is in question (i.e. whether μ 1 = μ 2), the studentized range distribution is similar to the Student's t distribution, differing only in that the first takes into account the number of means under consideration, and the critical value is adjusted accordingly. The more means under consideration ...
The transpose (indicated by T) of any row vector is a column vector, and the transpose of any column vector is a row vector: […] = [] and [] = […]. The set of all row vectors with n entries in a given field (such as the real numbers ) forms an n -dimensional vector space ; similarly, the set of all column vectors with m entries forms an m ...
In general, the join and meet of a subset of a partially ordered set need not exist. Join and meet are dual to one another with respect to order inversion. A partially ordered set in which all pairs have a join is a join-semilattice. Dually, a partially ordered set in which all pairs have a meet is a meet-semilattice.
[16] [21] In a slightly different formulation suited to the use of log-likelihoods (see Wilks' theorem), the test statistic is twice the difference in log-likelihoods and the probability distribution of the test statistic is approximately a chi-squared distribution with degrees-of-freedom (df) equal to the difference in df's between the two ...
The column space of this matrix is the vector space spanned by the column vectors. In linear algebra, the column space (also called the range or image) of a matrix A is the span (set of all possible linear combinations) of its column vectors. The column space of a matrix is the image or range of the corresponding matrix transformation.
k being the number of rows or the number of columns, whichever is less. C suffers from the disadvantage that it does not reach a maximum of 1.0, notably the highest it can reach in a 2 × 2 table is 0.707 . It can reach values closer to 1.0 in contingency tables with more categories; for example, it can reach a maximum of 0.870 in a 4 × 4 table.
When used in this sense, range is defined as "a pair of begin/end iterators packed together". [1] It is argued [1] that "Ranges are a superior abstraction" (compared to iterators) for several reasons, including better safety. In particular, such ranges are supported in C++20, [2] Boost C++ Libraries [3] and the D standard library. [4]