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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people [2] perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. [3] The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas and through the air.
At the time of the Black Death in the mid 14th century, Gentile da Foligno, who died of the plague in June 1348, recommended in his plague treatise that the theriac should have been aged at least a year. Children should not ingest it, he thought, but have it rubbed on them in a salve.
1346-1353 spread of the Black Death. The Black Death was present in the Middle East between 1347 and 1349. [1] The Black Death in the Middle East is described more closely in the Mamluk Sultanate, and to a lesser degree in Marinid Sultanate of Morocco, the Sultanate of Tunis, and the Emirate of Granada, while information of it in Iran and the Arabian Peninsula is lacking. [1]
Theories of the Black Death are a variety of explanations that have been advanced to explain the nature and transmission of the Black Death (1347–51). A number of epidemiologists from the 1980s to the 2000s challenged the traditional view that the Black Death was caused by plague based on the type and spread of the disease.
The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe (Simon & Schuster, 2010) Hatcher, John. Plague, Population, and the English Economy, 1348–1530 (1977). Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (1997). Hilton, R. H. The English Peasantry in the Late Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974) Horrox, Rosemay, ed.
Man playing chess with death in a c. 1480 mural by Albertus Pictor in Täby church in Sweden. Much of the most useful manifestations of the Black Death in literature and to historians comes from the accounts of its chroniclers; contemporary accounts are often the only real way to get a sense of the horror of living through a disaster on such a scale.
The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease hit somewhere once every five or six years from 1350 to 1490. [39] Plague epidemics ravaged London in 1563, 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, [40] reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. [41]
An 1831 color lithograph by Robert Seymour depicts cholera as a robed, skeletal creature emanating a deadly black cloud.. The miasma theory (also called the miasmic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as ...