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Ishino was born in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.He received his BS, MS and PhD in 1981, 1983 and 1986, respectively, from Osaka University. [1] From 1987 to 1989, he served as a post-doctoral fellow in Dieter Söll's laboratory at Yale University.
Synthetic guide RNA is a chimera of crRNA and tracrRNA; therefore, this discovery demonstrated that the CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be used to edit the genome with relative ease. [22] Researchers worldwide have employed this method successfully to edit the DNA sequences of plants, animals, and laboratory cell lines .
Jo Zayner (formerly Josiah Zayner; alternatively Josie; born February 8, 1981) is a biohacker, artist, and scientist best known for their self-experimentation and work making hands-on genetic engineering accessible to a lay audience, including CRISPR.
Francisco Juan Martínez Mojica [a] (born 5 October 1963) is a Spanish molecular biologist and microbiologist at the University of Alicante in Spain.He is known for his discovery of repetitive, functional DNA sequences in bacteria which he named CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).
Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within living organisms.
Doudna was introduced to CRISPR by Jillian Banfield in 2006 who had found Doudna by way of a Google search, having typed "RNAi and UC Berkeley" into her browser, and Doudna's name came up at the top of the list. [37] [38] In 2012, Doudna and her colleagues made a new discovery that reduces the time and work needed to edit genomic DNA.
Qi obtained his B.S. in physics and math from Tsinghua University, [1] China, Master in physics from UC Berkeley, and PhD in bioengineering from UC Berkeley. [2] During his PhD work at Berkeley, he studied synthetic biology with Adam Arkin, and was the first to explore engineering the CRISPR for targeted gene editing and gene regulation with Jennifer Doudna. [3]
Intellia has two in vivo programs in ongoing clinical trials. NTLA-2001 is an investigational CRISPR therapy candidate for the treatment for ATTR amyloidosis currently in Phase 1 studies. [3] NTLA-2002 is an investigational CRISPR therapy candidate for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE) currently in Phase 1 / 2 studies. [4]