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The Proto-Elamite period, also known as Susa III, is a chronological era in the ancient history of the area of Elam, dating from c. 3100 BC to 2700 BC. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] In archaeological terms this corresponds to the late Banesh period.
The Proto-Elamite script is an early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use before the introduction of Elamite cuneiform. There are many similarities between the Proto-Elamite tablets and the contemporaneous proto-cuneiform tablets of the Uruk IV period in Mesopotamia. Both writing systems are a relatively isolated phenomenon.
Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel, Proto-Elamite period, (3100–2900 BC) [18] [19] Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam: Anshan, Awan, and ...
A thirteenth Proto-Elamite tablet was recently recovered, largely complete. It has been suggested that it uses a numerical system not previously seen in the Proto-Elamite script. [7] [8] Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the residue in a Bevel Rim Bowl found beeswax. [9] Several jar burials (of children) and pit graves from the Proto ...
The following scripts are known or assumed to have encoded Elamite: [7] Proto-Elamite script is the oldest known writing system from Iran. It was used during a brief period of time (c. 3100–2900 BC); clay tablets with Proto-Elamite writing have been found at different sites across Iran.
the Proto-Elamite script; the Indus script (speculated to record a "Harappan language") Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A (encoding a possible "Minoan language") [4] the Cypro-Minoan syllabary [5] Earlier symbols, such as the Jiahu symbols or Vinča symbols, are believed to be proto-writing, rather than representations of language.
Attested as an Elamite king from a Hurrian-language text found at Boghazkoy (Hattusa), dated to before the reign of Manishtushu, king of Akkad. [12] After conquests by Rimush and Manishtushu (r. 2270–2255 BC), Elam was incorporated into the Akkadian Empire and placed under a series of royally appointed governors. [13] Eshpum: c. 2269 - c. 2255 BC
Desset and colleagues argue that Linear Elamite is an evolution of the Proto-Elamite script, and that the Proto-Elamite script evolved, in parallel with Sumerian cuneiform, from a common substrate of simple signs and numerals used with accounting tokens and numerical tablets. [27]