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  2. Bivalent (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalent_(genetics)

    A tetrad is the association of a pair of homologous chromosomes (4 sister chromatids) physically held together by at least one DNA crossover. This physical attachment allows for alignment and segregation of the homologous chromosomes in the first meiotic division. In most organisms, each replicated chromosome (composed of two identical sisters ...

  3. Homologous chromosome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_chromosome

    A pair of homologous chromosomes, or homologs, is a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization. Homologs have the same genes in the same loci , where they provide points along each chromosome that enable a pair of chromosomes to align correctly with each other before ...

  4. Gene conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_conversion

    Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. [1] Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.

  5. Chromosomal crossover - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover

    This means that any section of the genome with long sections of repetitive DNA is prone to crossover events. [citation needed] The presence of transposable elements is another influential element of non-homologous crossover. Repetitive regions of code characterize transposable elements; complementary but non-homologous regions are ubiquitous ...

  6. Homologous somatic pairing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous_somatic_pairing

    In 1998 it was determined that homologous pairing in Drosophila occurs through independent initiations (as opposed to a directed, 'processive zippering' motion). [4] [8]The first RNAi screen (based on DNA FISH [9]) was carried out to identify genes regulating D. melanogaster somatic pairing in 2012, [10] described at the time as providing "an extensive “parts list” of mostly novel factors".

  7. Sister chromatids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_chromatids

    In mitosis, the sister chromatids separate into the daughter cells, but are now referred to as chromosomes (rather than chromatids) much in the way that one child is not referred to as a single twin. Schematic karyogram of a human, showing a diploid set of chromosomes as seen in the G 0 and G 1 phases of the cell cycle (before DNA synthesis ...

  8. Sequence homology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_homology

    Sequences are either homologous or not. [3] This involves that the term "percent homology" is a misnomer. [4] As with morphological and anatomical structures, sequence similarity might occur because of convergent evolution, or, as with shorter sequences, by chance, meaning

  9. Dot plot (bioinformatics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_plot_(bioinformatics)

    One way to visualize the similarity between two protein or nucleic acid sequences is to use a similarity matrix, known as a dot plot. These were introduced by Gibbs and McIntyre in 1970 [1] and are two-dimensional matrices that have the sequences of the proteins being compared along the vertical and horizontal axes.