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where = [] and = [] are vectors containing the expected values of and .The vectors and need not have the same dimension, and either might be a scalar value.. The cross-covariance matrix is the matrix whose (,) entry is the covariance
Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. [1] Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.
A tetrad is the association of a pair of homologous chromosomes (4 sister chromatids) physically held together by at least one DNA crossover. This physical attachment allows for alignment and segregation of the homologous chromosomes in the first meiotic division. In most organisms, each replicated chromosome (composed of two identical sisters ...
This could lead to estimated correlations having absolute values which are greater than one, and/or a non-invertible covariance matrix. When estimating the cross-covariance of a pair of signals that are wide-sense stationary, missing samples do not need be random (e.g., sub-sampling by an arbitrary factor is valid). [citation needed]
The cross-correlation matrix of two random vectors is a matrix containing as elements the cross-correlations of all pairs of elements of the random vectors. The cross-correlation matrix is used in various digital signal processing algorithms.
Sequences are either homologous or not. [3] This involves that the term "percent homology" is a misnomer. [4] As with morphological and anatomical structures, sequence similarity might occur because of convergent evolution, or, as with shorter sequences, by chance, meaning
For the BLOSUM62 matrix, this threshold was set at 62%. Pairs frequencies were then counted between clusters, hence pairs were only counted between segments less than 62% identical. One would use a higher numbered BLOSUM matrix for aligning two closely related sequences and a lower number for more divergent sequences.
The SC is composed of proteins like SYCP1, SYCP2, and SYCP3, which work together to stabilize the homologs and promote homologous or meiotic recombination, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. Any flaws in its formation lead to failures in meiotic recombination, chromosome segregation, and the completion of meiosis. [7]