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Some Intel processors have provisions to reduce the Turbo Boost frequency limit when such instructions are being executed. This reduction happens even if the CPU hasn't reached its thermal and power consumption limits. On Skylake and its derivatives, the throttling is divided into three levels: [66] [67] L0 (100%): The normal turbo boost limit.
In computer architecture, frequency scaling (also known as frequency ramping) is the technique of increasing a processor's frequency so as to enhance the performance of the system containing the processor in question. Frequency ramping was the dominant force in commodity processor performance increases from the mid-1980s until roughly the end ...
The L-models are made for Linux, but are allowed to run AIX and IBM i on up to 25% of available CPU cores. [10] IBM Power S1024 & L1024 - 4U case. 1-2× CPU sockets for 1-2× DCM modules, 24-48 cores. 32× OMI memory slots which support up to 8 TB RAM. 10× PCIe slots, 8× gen.5 and 2× gen.4. 16 slots for up to 102 TB of NVMe based SSDs.
For instance, if a programmer enhances a part of the code that represents 10% of the total execution time (i.e. of 0.10) and achieves a of 10,000, then becomes 1.11 which means only 11% improvement in total speedup of the program. So, despite a massive improvement in one section, the overall benefit is quite small.
The on-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay, contains chapters on elementary error-correcting codes; on the theoretical limits of error-correction; and on the latest state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, and fountain codes.
Spread spectrum makes it possible to have as low a frequency reuse factor as 1, if each base station is divided into 3 cells by means of 3 directional sector antennas. This corresponds to a system spectrum efficiency of over 1 × 100 × 0.0017 = 0.17 (bit/s)/Hz per site , and 0.17/3 = 0.06 (bit/s)/Hz per cell or sector .
As part of this, a new fab named MOS-8 was built using the latest 5-inch wafer sizes and Intel's HMOS process with a 3.5 μm feature size. [19] This was an investment aimed at catching the competition: even upstart semiconductor companies such as Zilog and MOS Technology had introduced CPUs fabricated on depletion-mode NMOS logic before ...
[2] [3] (Some specifications may mandate 100% of the rated power; sometimes referring to the full-power bandwidth.) It should not be confused with "half-power" bandwidth, only used in conjunction with filter frequency response curves, where it refers to -3dB points in the frequency response of a band-pass filter.