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Typically, a root plus a suffix forms a stem, and adding an ending forms a word. [1]+ ⏟ + ⏟ For example, *bʰéreti 'he bears' can be split into the root *bʰer-'to bear', the suffix *-e-which governs the imperfective aspect, and the ending *-ti, which governs the present tense, third-person singular.
Proto-Indo-European nominals and verbs were primarily composed of roots – affix-lacking morphemes that carried the core lexical meaning of a word. They were used to derive related words (cf. the English root "- friend -", from which are derived related words such as friendship, friendly , befriend , and newly coined words such as unfriend ).
The dictionary definition of Category:Proto-Indo-European roots at Wiktionary; Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch by Julius Pokorny (English translation) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch by Julius Pokorny (Eindhoven University of Technology) (in German)
Where useful, Sanskrit root forms are provided using the symbol √. For Tocharian, the stem is given. For Hittite, either the third-person singular present indicative or the stem is given. In place of Latin, an Oscan or Umbrian cognate is occasionally given when no corresponding Latin cognate exists.
However, Aryan more properly applies to the Indo-Iranians, the Indo-European branch that settled parts of the Middle East and South Asia, as only Indic and Iranian languages explicitly affirm the term as a self-designation referring to the entirety of their people, whereas the same Proto-Indo-European root (*aryo-) is the basis for Greek and ...
These are reconstructed on the basis of sound laws and shared grammatical structures; the definitions hereunder given for the roots should be read as "connotations" (the concepts associated with a word that were inherited in the daughter languages), close to their original "denotation" (the exact meaning at the time of the Proto-Indo-European ...
Partly for these reasons, Anthony concludes that Bronze Age Caucasus groups such as the Maykop "played only a minor role, if any, in the formation of Yamnaya ancestry." According to Anthony, the roots of Proto-Indo-European (archaic or proto-proto-Indo-European) were mainly in the steppe rather than the south.
The Indo-European ablaut is a system of apophony (i.e. variations in the vowels of related words, or different inflections of the same word) in the Proto-Indo-European language. This was used in numerous morphological processes, usually being secondary to a word's inflectional ending.