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This formula is commonly taught in MBA Corporate Finance and Valuation classes. It is used to determine the cost of capital of a levered firm based on the cost of capital of comparable firms. Here, the comparable firms would be the ones having similar business risk and, thus, similar unlevered betas as the firm of interest.
is the company cost of equity capital with no leverage (unlevered cost of equity, or return on assets with D/E = 0). is the required rate of return on borrowings, or cost of debt. / is the debt-to-equity ratio. is the tax rate.
It is commonly computed using the capital asset pricing model formula: Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Premium expected for risk Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Beta × (market rate of return – risk free rate of return) where Beta = sensitivity to movements in the relevant market. Thus in symbols we have
APV formula APV = Unlevered NPV of Free Cash Flows and assumed Terminal Value + NPV of Interest Tax Shield and assumed Terminal Value : The discount rate used in the first part is the return on assets or return on equity if unlevered; The discount rate used in the second part is the cost of debt financing by period.
Weighted average cost of capital approach (WACC) Derive a weighted cost of the capital obtained from the various sources and use that discount rate to discount the unlevered free cash flows from the project; Advantages: Overcomes the requirement for debt capital finance to be earmarked to particular projects
Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is the cash flow available to the firm's common stockholders only. If the firm is all-equity financed, its FCFF is equal to FCFE. FCFF is the cash flow available to the suppliers of capital after all operating expenses (including taxes) are paid and working and fixed capital investments are made.
Such costs are separated into a firm's cost of debt and cost of equity and attributed to these two kinds of capital sources. A firm's overall cost of capital, which consists of the two types of capital costs, is then determined as the weighted average cost of capital. Knowing a firm's cost of capital is needed in order to make better decisions.
According to the Corporate Finance Institute, "the founding philosophy of homemade leverage is the Modigliani–Miller theorem, which assumes an efficient market and the absence of corporate taxes and bankruptcy costs." [3] Investors take this concept and use it to “recreate a leverage scenario using a portion of their investments.