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An udder is an organ formed of two or four mammary glands on the females of dairy animals and ruminants such as cattle, goats, and sheep. [1] An udder is equivalent to the breast in primates, elephantine pachyderms and other mammals. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands with protruding ...
The Cattle Health Handbook: Preventive Care, Disease Treatments & Emergency Procedures for Promoting the Well-being of Your Beef Or Dairy Herd. Storey Pub. ISBN 978-1-60342-090-7; Thomas J. Divers (2008). Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4160-3137-6
A freemartin is the normal outcome of mixed twins in all cattle species which have been studied. [16] It is most frequent in cattle and does not normally occur in most other mammals, [16] though it has been recorded in sheep, [17] [18] goats, [19] [18] and pigs. [20]
However, beef cattle can also be bred through artificial insemination, [1] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following spring. [1] However, cattle breeding can occur at other times of year. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round.
Prey animals, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle, were progressively domesticated early in the history of agriculture. [3] Pigs were domesticated in the Near East between 8,500 and 8000 BC, [4] sheep and goats in or near the Fertile Crescent about 8,500 BC, [5] and cattle from wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan around 8,500 BC. [6]
Domesticated sheep are herd animals that are bred for agricultural trade. A flock of sheep is mated by a single ram, which has either been chosen by a farmer or, in feral populations, has established dominance through physical contests with other rams. [1] Sheep have a breeding season (tupping) in the autumn, though some can breed year-round. [1]
Before 1790, beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net. Thereafter, weights climbed steadily. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Cattle breeds vary widely in size; the tallest and heaviest is the Chianina , where a mature bull may be up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) at the shoulder, and may reach 1,280 kg (2,820 lb) in weight. [ 10 ]
Graeme B. Martin is an Australian agricultural scientist and academic known for his contributions to animal science, reproductive biology, and sustainable agriculture. [1]He is a professor emeritus at UWA's School of Agriculture and Environment and was awarded the 2021 Marshall Medal by the UK-based Society for Reproduction and Fertility.