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There are additional names used for ions with multiple charges. For example, an ion with a −2 charge is known as a dianion and an ion with a +2 charge is known as a dication. A zwitterion is a neutral molecule with positive and negative charges at different locations within that molecule. [17]
Polyatomic ions often are useful in the context of acid–base chemistry and in the formation of salts. Often, a polyatomic ion can be considered as the conjugate acid or base of a neutral molecule. For example, the conjugate base of sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) is the polyatomic hydrogen sulfate anion (HSO − 4).
In chemistry, azide (/ ˈ eɪ z aɪ d /, AY-zyd) is a linear, polyatomic anion with the formula N − 3 and structure − N=N + =N −.It is the conjugate base of hydrazoic acid HN 3. Organic azides are organic compounds with the formula RN 3, containing the azide functional group. [1]
The name of the cation (the unmodified element name for monatomic cations) comes first, followed by the name of the anion. [100] [101] For example, MgCl 2 is named magnesium chloride, and Na 2 SO 4 is named sodium sulfate (SO 2− 4, sulfate, is an example of a polyatomic ion).
An oxocarbon anion C x O n− y can be seen as the result of removing all protons from a corresponding acid C x H n O y. Carbonate CO 2− 3, for example, can be seen as the anion of carbonic acid H 2 CO 3. Sometimes the "acid" is actually an alcohol or other species; this is the case, for example, of acetylenediolate C 2 O 2− 2 that would ...
Radical anions are encountered in organic chemistry as reduced derivatives of polycyclic aromatic compounds, e.g. sodium naphthenide. An example of a non-carbon radical anion is the superoxide anion, formed by transfer of one electron to an oxygen molecule. Radical anions are typically indicated by .
For example, AMP (adenosine monophosphate) has a pK a value of 6.21, [8] so at pH 7 it will be about 10% protonated. Charge neutralization is an important factor in these protonation reactions. By contrast, the univalent anions perchlorate and permanganate ions are very difficult to protonate and so the corresponding acids are strong acids.
For example, cyclopropyl and cubyl anions are bound due to increased s character of the lone pair orbital, while neopentyl and phenethyl anions are also bound, as a result of negative hyperconjugation of the lone pair with the β-substituent (n C → σ* C–C). The same holds true for anions with benzylic and allylic stabilization.