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Mulliken charges arise from the Mulliken population analysis [1] [2] and provide a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of computational chemistry, particularly those based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method, and are routinely used as variables in linear regression (QSAR [3]) procedures. [4]
Robert Sanderson Mulliken ForMemRS [1] (June 7, 1896 – October 31, 1986) was an American physical chemist, primarily responsible for the early development of molecular orbital theory, i.e. the elaboration of the molecular orbital method of computing the structure of molecules.
In atomic physics, a partial charge (or net atomic charge) is a non-integer charge value when measured in elementary charge units. It is represented by the Greek lowercase delta (𝛿), namely 𝛿− or 𝛿+. Partial charges are created due to the asymmetric distribution of electrons in chemical bonds.
Mulliken population analysis is based on electron densities in molecules and is a way of dividing the density between atoms to give an estimate of atomic charges. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and deep inelastic scattering , as well as other high energy particle experiments, high energy electrons interacts with the electron cloud to ...
The oil drop experiment was performed by Robert A. Millikan and Harvey Fletcher in 1909 to measure the elementary electric charge (the charge of the electron). [1] [2] The experiment took place in the Ryerson Physical Laboratory at the University of Chicago. [3] [4] [5] Millikan received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923. [6]
Formal charges in ozone and the nitrate anion. In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q*), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.
Ionic, or charged, structures for a given atom can be determined by assigning a charge to a molecule, and then following Rumer's method. For the case of butadiene, the 20 possible Rumer structures are shown, where 1 and 2 are the covalent structures, 3-14 are the monoionic structures, and 15-20 are the diionic structures.
C corresponds to the electronic charge of the species relative to the site that it occupies. The charge of the species is calculated by the charge on the current site minus the charge on the original site. To continue the previous example, Ni often has the same valency as Cu, so the relative charge is zero. To indicate a null charge, × is used.