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The carina is a cartilaginous ridge separating the left and right main bronchi that is formed by the inferior-ward and posterior-ward prolongation of the inferior-most tracheal cartilage. [2] The carina occurs at the lower end of the trachea - usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebra.
Smokeless tobacco keratosis (STK) [4] is a condition which develops on the oral mucosa (the lining of the mouth) in response to smokeless tobacco use. Generally it appears as a white patch, located at the point where the tobacco is held in the mouth. The condition usually disappears once the tobacco habit is stopped.
The oral cavity is the most common site of this tumor. [6] The ages range from 50 to 80 years with a male predominance and a median age of 67 years. [7] VC may grow large in size, resulting in the destruction of adjacent tissue, such as bone and cartilage. [8]
Tobacco is the greatest single cause of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Using tobacco increases the risk of oral cancer by 3 to 6 times [20] [9] and is responsible for around 40% of all oral cancers. [21] Smokeless tobacco (including chewing tobacco, snuff, snus) also causes oral cancer. [22] [23] [24] Cigar and pipe smoking are also important risk ...
Smokeless tobacco (including products where tobacco is chewed) is a cause of oral cancer, oesophagus cancer, and pancreas cancer. [5] Increased risk of oral cancer caused by smokeless tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries where the use of smokeless tobacco is common.
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Increased risk of oral cancer caused by smokeless tobacco is present in countries such as the United States but particularly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries where the use of smokeless tobacco is common. [5] [47] [48] Smokeless tobacco is associated with a higher risk of developing head and neck cancer due to the presence of the tobacco ...
Oral cancers are usually painless in the initial stages or may appear like an ulcer. Causes of oral cancer include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to sunlight (lip cancer), chewing tobacco, infection with human papillomavirus, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. [29] The earlier the oral cancer is diagnosed, the better ...