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Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract. The esophagus (American English), oesophagus (British English), or œsophagus (archaic spelling) (see spelling difference) all / iː ˈ s ɒ f ə ɡ ə s, ɪ-/ ⓘ; [1] pl.: ((o)e)(œ)sophagi or ((o)e)(œ)sophaguses), colloquially known also as the food pipe, food tube, or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by ...
Gastric glands are glands in the lining of the stomach that play an essential role in the process of digestion.Their secretions make up the digestive gastric juice.The gastric glands open into gastric pits in the mucosa.
The gastric folds consist of two layers: Mucosal layer – This layer releases stomach acid.It is the innermost layer of the stomach. [5] It is affected by the hormone histamine, which signals it to release hydrochloric acid (HCl).
In mammals, invertebrates and most fish, [1] [2] the anus (pl.: anuses or ani; from Latin, 'ring' or 'circle') is the external body orifice at the exit end of the digestive tract (), i.e. the opposite end from the mouth.
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH 2) 2 CO from ammonia (NH 3).Animals that use this cycle, mainly amphibians and mammals, are called ureotelic.
Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine.
[91] [93] Erasistratos (304–250 BCE) noted the heart as a pump, causing dilation of blood vessels, and noted that arteries and veins both radiate from the heart, becoming progressively smaller with distance, although he believed they were filled with air and not blood. He also discovered the heart valves.
Patients swallow urea labelled with an uncommon isotope, either radioactive carbon-14 (nowadays preferred in many countries) or non-radioactive carbon-13.In the subsequent 10–30 minutes, the detection of isotope-labelled carbon dioxide in exhaled breath indicates that the urea was split; this indicates that urease (the enzyme that H. pylori uses to metabolize urea to produce ammonia) is ...