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The degradation in dynamic EVM is due to the PA transient response affecting the preamble at the start of the packet and causing an imperfect channel estimate. Studies have shown that dynamic EVM with a 50% duty cycle square wave applied to PA Enable to be worse than the static EVM (PA Enable with 100% duty cycle).
The degradation is often approximated by a power-law dependence on time. It is of immediate concern in p-channel MOS devices (pMOS), since they almost always operate with negative gate-to-source voltage; however, the very same mechanism also affects nMOS transistors when biased in the accumulation region, i.e. with a negative bias applied to ...
Plug-in hybrids and electric cars run off lithium-ion batteries and rare-earth element electric motors.Electric vehicles use much more lithium carbonate equivalent in their batteries compared to the 7g (0.25 oz) for a smartphone or the 30 g (1.1 oz) used by tablets or computers.
A vector signal analyzer operates by first down-converting the signal spectra by using superheterodyne techniques.A portion of the input signal spectrum is down-converted [broken anchor] (using a voltage-controlled oscillator and a mixer) to the center frequency of a band-pass filter.
Dynamic modulus (sometimes complex modulus [1]) is the ratio of stress to strain under vibratory conditions (calculated from data obtained from either free or forced ...
Soft errors became widely known with the introduction of dynamic RAM in the 1970s. In these early devices, ceramic chip packaging materials contained small amounts of radioactive contaminants. Very low decay rates are needed to avoid excess soft errors, and chip companies have occasionally suffered problems with contamination ever since.
The bathtub curve hazard function (blue, upper solid line) is a combination of a decreasing hazard of early failure (red dotted line) and an increasing hazard of wear-out failure (yellow dotted line), plus some constant hazard of random failure (green, lower solid line).
Dynamic voltage restoration (DVR) is a method of overcoming voltage sags and swells that occur in electrical power distribution. [1] [2] [3] These are a problem because spikes consume power and sags reduce efficiency of some devices. DVR saves energy through voltage injections that can affect the phase and wave-shape of the power being supplied ...