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Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ... The long term use of opioids has been associated with mental and physical side effects including drug dependence. [28]
Combinations of DMARDs are often used, because each drug in the combination can be used in a smaller dose than if it were given alone, thus reducing the risk of side effects. [citation needed] Many patients receive an NSAID and at least one DMARD, sometimes with low-dose oral glucocorticoids. If disease remission is observed, regular NSAIDs or ...
Other side effects of gold-containing drugs include kidney damage, itching rash, and ulcerations of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx. Approximately 35% of patients discontinue the use of gold salts because of these side effects. Kidney function must be monitored continuously while taking gold compounds. [5]
Leflunomide, sold under the brand name Arava among others, is an immunosuppressive disease-modifying antirheumatic drug , [8] used in active moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. It is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor that works by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. [9] Bottle of Leflunomide (Arava) and tablet
Sulfasalazine is in the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) family of medications. [5] It is unclear exactly how it works. [5] One proposed mechanism is the inhibition of prostaglandins, resulting in local anti-inflammatory effects in the colon. [4] The medication is broken down by intestinal bacteria into sulfapyridine and 5 ...
Other drugs which may provide relief include acitretin, ciclosporin, and methotrexate, but since these drugs have their own major side effects, doctors and patients should discuss whether to try one of these or a biologic first. [4] Most biologics are injections so are not appropriate for use by someone with intense fear of needles. [4]
Penicillamine can be used as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) to treat severe active rheumatoid arthritis in patients who have failed to respond to an adequate trial of conventional therapy, [9] although it is rarely used today due to availability of TNF inhibitors and other agents, such as tocilizumab and tofacitinib.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are administered first for active axial signs of spondyloarthritis. If NSAIDs are contraindicated or cause side effects, TNF blockers are used. Traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are not used for people without peripheral disease signs.