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The Inter-Services Intelligence was established in 1948. It was the brainchild of Major General Walter Cawthorn, then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army, following the First Kashmir War which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the army, air force, navy, Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Military Intelligence (MI).
The state emblem of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Pakistani intelligence community (Urdu: جمیعت ہائے پاکستان برائے اشتراکِ سراغرسانی) comprises the various intelligence agencies of Pakistan that work internally and externally to manage, research and collect intelligence necessary for national security. [1]
During the 1960s, the unit then received training from the CIA in the 1980s to assist the Afghan Mujahideen after the Soviet invasion. The unit also took part in many battles against Soviets. Little is known about the unit as it is one of the most classified elements of the ISI, working with a limited number of senior officers.
The ISI has reportedly been suspicious about CIA's attempted penetration of Pakistani nuclear assets, and CIA's alleged intelligence gathering in the Pakistan's tribal areas along the Afghan border. Based on these suspicions, it was speculated that the ISI was pursuing counter-intelligence against CIA operations in Pakistan and Afghanistan. [ 2 ]
It has been alleged by such authors as Ahmed Rashid that the CIA and ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence; Pakistan's premier intelligence agency) have been waging a clandestine war. [1] The Afghan Taliban —with whom the United States was officially in conflict —was headquartered in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas during the war ...
The faculty includes the departments of Structural and Environmental Engineering, Energy Systems Engineering, Irrigation and Drainage, Food Engineering, Farm Machinery, and Power and Fibre Technology. Courses of study lead to the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering, Food Engineering, Textile Technology; M.Sc. in Food ...
ISI's operations in the UK have been described as "among the most comprehensive outside Pakistan", drawing heavily upon the support of the 1.2-million-strong British Pakistani community. [1] ISI's interests in Britain may be projected through intelligence officials posted at the High Commission of Pakistan in London and at consulates elsewhere. [1]
Food technology is a branch of food science that addresses the production, preservation, quality control and research and development of food products. It may also be understood as the science of ensuring that a society is food secure and has access to safe food that meets quality standards.