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  2. Four-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space

    The 4D equivalent of a cube is known ... with any number of dimensions was fully ... use 4D representation/4D reasoning and feedback given by researchers ...

  3. Tesseract - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract

    In geometry, a tesseract or 4-cube is a four-dimensional hypercube, analogous to a two-dimensional square and a three-dimensional cube. [1] Just as the perimeter of the square consists of four edges and the surface of the cube consists of six square faces , the hypersurface of the tesseract consists of eight cubical cells , meeting at right ...

  4. Hypercube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercube

    In geometry, a hypercube is an n-dimensional analogue of a square (n = 2) and a cube (n = 3); the special case for n = 4 is known as a tesseract.It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length.

  5. 4-polytope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-polytope

    The most familiar 4-polytope is the tesseract or hypercube, the 4D analogue of the cube. The convex regular 4-polytopes can be ordered by size as a measure of 4-dimensional content (hypervolume) for the same radius.

  6. Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotations_in_4-dimensional...

    A point with angles {θ 0, φ 0}, rotated by an angle φ about the z-axis, becomes the point with angles {θ 0, φ 0 + φ}. While hyperspherical coordinates are also useful in dealing with 4D rotations, an even more useful coordinate system for 4D is provided by Hopf coordinates { ξ 1 , η , ξ 2 } , [ 6 ] which are a set of three angular ...

  7. Regular 4-polytope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_4-polytope

    The tesseract is one of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes. In mathematics, a regular 4-polytope or regular polychoron is a regular four-dimensional polytope.They are the four-dimensional analogues of the regular polyhedra in three dimensions and the regular polygons in two dimensions.

  8. Euler characteristic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_characteristic

    Vertex, edge and face of a cube. The Euler characteristic χ was classically defined for the surfaces of polyhedra, according to the formula = + where V, E, and F are respectively the numbers of vertices (corners), edges and faces in the given polyhedron. [2] Any convex polyhedron's surface has Euler characteristic

  9. Minkowski space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_space

    Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909) found that the theory of special relativity could be best understood as a four-dimensional space, since known as the Minkowski spacetime.. In physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) (/ m ɪ ŋ ˈ k ɔː f s k i,-ˈ k ɒ f-/ [1]) is the main mathematical description of spacetime in the absence of gravitation.