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Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal, such as that used by wireless devices.. Rayleigh fading models assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a transmission medium (also called a communication channel) will vary randomly, or fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution — the radial component of the sum of ...
The Hanle effect, [1] also known as zero-field level crossing, [2] is a reduction in the polarization of light when the atoms emitting the light are subject to a magnetic field in a particular direction, and when they have themselves been excited by polarized light.
Pages in category "Level crossings" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
In probability theory and statistics, the Rayleigh distribution is a continuous probability distribution for nonnegative-valued random variables. Up to rescaling, it coincides with the chi distribution with two degrees of freedom .
Level crossings in Indonesia are not all officially operated by the Kereta Api Indonesia railway company; some crossings (usually in rural or village areas) are guarded by civilian volunteers and are usually guarded 24 hours. [33] Crossings in cities and urban areas are fully operated by the railway company. Usually each level crossing has a ...
Gated level crossings were mandatory from 1839, but initial rules were for the gates to be ordinarily kept closed across the highway. [6] The original form of road level crossing on British railways dates from 1842 onwards, [6] [7] it consisted of two or four wooden gates (one or two on each side of the railway). When open to road traffic, the ...
A level crossing is an intersection where a railway line crosses a road, path, or (in rare situations) airport runway, at the same level, [1] as opposed to the railway line or the road etc. crossing over or under using an overpass or tunnel.
Gaussian beam width () as a function of the axial distance .: beam waist; : confocal parameter; : Rayleigh length; : total angular spread In optics and especially laser science, the Rayleigh length or Rayleigh range, , is the distance along the propagation direction of a beam from the waist to the place where the area of the cross section is doubled. [1]