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In computer programming, scope is an enclosing context where values and expressions are associated. The scope resolution operator helps to identify and specify the context to which an identifier refers, particularly by specifying a namespace or class.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
Access modifiers (or access specifiers) are keywords in object-oriented languages that set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members.Access modifiers are a specific part of programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of components.
a b c Deep breaks may be accomplished in APL, C, C++ and C# through the use of labels and gotos. a Iteration over objects was added in PHP 5. a b c A counting loop can be simulated by iterating over an incrementing list or generator, for instance, Python's range() .
General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns (or Principles), abbreviated GRASP, is a set of "nine fundamental principles in object design and responsibility assignment" [1]: 6 first published by Craig Larman in his 1997 [citation needed] book Applying UML and Patterns.
Class-responsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards are a brainstorming tool used in the design of object-oriented software. They were originally proposed by Ward Cunningham and Kent Beck as a teaching tool [1] but are also popular among expert designers [2] and recommended by extreme programming practitioners. [3]
In object-oriented programming, an interface or protocol type [a] is a data type that acts as an abstraction of a class. It describes a set of method signatures , the implementations of which may be provided by multiple classes that are otherwise not necessarily related to each other. [ 1 ]
The listed languages are designed with varying degrees of OOP support. Some are highly focused in OOP while others support multiple paradigms including OOP. [ 1 ] For example, C++ is a multi- paradigm language including OOP; [ 2 ] however, it is less object-oriented than other languages such as Python [ 3 ] and Ruby .