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  2. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    According to Mikhail B. Sevryuk, in the January 2006 issue of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, "The number of papers and books included in the Mathematical Reviews (MR) database since 1940 (the first year of operation of MR) is now more than 1.9 million, and more than 75 thousand items are added to the database each year. The ...

  3. Monty Hall problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

    The question is whether knowing the warden's answer changes the prisoner's chances of being pardoned. This problem is equivalent to the Monty Hall problem; the prisoner asking the question still has a ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ chance of being pardoned but his unnamed colleague has a ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠ chance.

  4. Problem-based learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-based_learning

    The PBL process was pioneered by Barrows and Tamblyn at the medical school program at McMaster University in Hamilton in the 1960s. [5] Traditional medical education disenchanted students, who perceived the vast amount of material presented in the first three years of medical school as having little relevance to the practice of medicine and clinically based medicine. [5]

  5. Heuristic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic

    Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier (2011) state that sub-sets of strategy include heuristics, regression analysis, and Bayesian inference. [14]A heuristic is a strategy that ignores part of the information, with the goal of making decisions more quickly, frugally, and/or accurately than more complex methods (Gigerenzer and Gaissmaier [2011], p. 454; see also Todd et al. [2012], p. 7).

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  7. 100 prisoners problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_prisoners_problem

    The 100 prisoners problem has different renditions in the literature. The following version is by Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick: [1] The director of a prison offers 100 death row prisoners, who are numbered from 1 to 100, a last chance. A room contains a cupboard with 100 drawers.

  8. Bounded rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality

    [1] Limitations include the difficulty of the problem requiring a decision, the cognitive capability of the mind, and the time available to make the decision. Decision-makers, in this view, act as satisficers , seeking a satisfactory solution, with everything that they have at the moment rather than an optimal solution.

  9. Zero-sum game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_game

    The picture on the left shows that a typical example of a zero-sum three-person game. If Player 1 chooses to defence, but Player 2 & 3 chooses to offence, both of them will gain one point. At the same time, Player 1 will lose two-point because points are taken away by other players, and it is evident that Player 2 & 3 has parallelism of interests.