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Selection bias refers to the problem that, at pre-test, differences between groups exist that may interact with the independent variable and thus be 'responsible' for the observed outcome. Researchers and participants bring to the experiment a myriad of characteristics, some learned and others inherent.
In published academic research, publication bias occurs when the outcome of an experiment or research study biases the decision to publish or otherwise distribute it. Publishing only results that show a significant finding disturbs the balance of findings in favor of positive results. [ 1 ]
Research topics have included the reliability of the encyclopedia and various forms of systemic bias; social aspects of the Wikipedia community (including administration, policy, and demographics); the encyclopedia as a dataset for machine learning; and whether Wikipedia trends might predict or influence human behaviour.
There are multiple formal definitions of "inherent bias" which depend on the particular field of study. In statistics , the phrase is used in relation to an inability to measure accurately and directly what one would wish to measure, meaning that indirect measurements are used which might be subject to unknown distortions.
As of 2010, industry-funded papers generally get cited more than others; this is probably due in part to industry-paid publicity. [15] [18] Some journals engage in coercive citation, in which an editor forces an author to add extraneous citations to an article to inflate the impact factor of the journal in which the extraneous papers were ...
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [139]
[11] [12] Anchoring bias includes or involves the following: Common source bias, the tendency to combine or compare research studies from the same source, or from sources that use the same methodologies or data. [13] Conservatism bias, the tendency to insufficiently revise one's belief when presented with new evidence. [5] [14] [15]
Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of scholars allowing their beliefs to shape their research and the scientific community. It can refer to several types of scholastic prejudice, e.g., logocentrism , phonocentrism , [ 1 ] ethnocentrism or the belief that some sciences and disciplines rank higher than others.