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Julian portrayed Christians as apostates from Judaism, which the Emperor considered to be a very old and established religion that should be fully accepted. After Julian's death in battle in 363, the essay was anathematized, and even the text was lost. Julian's arguments are only known second-hand, through texts written by Christian authors.
Likewise, Julian's persecution of Christians, who by pagan standards were simply part of a different cult, [citation needed] was quite an un-pagan attitude that transformed paganism into a religion that accepted only one form of religious experience while excluding all others—such as Christianity. [118]
It is divided into three parts. The first describes the accession of Julian and his persecution of Christians. The second describes Julian's conflict with Eusebius of Rome. The third and longest part, written in the form of a letter, describes Julian's Persian expedition, his downfall and the accession of the Christian emperor Jovian.
[98]: 68 Historians such as David Wood assert there was a revival of some persecution against Christians. [111] [112] On the other hand, H. A. Drake says that "In the eighteen brief months that he ruled between 361 and 363, Julian did not persecute [Christians], as a hostile tradition contends. But he did make clear that the partnership between ...
A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890 when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade the practice of the Christian religion.
Constantius' successor Julian (later called "The Apostate" by Christian writers) was the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity, attempting to fragment the Church and erode its influence by encouraging a revival of religious diversity, calling himself a "Hellene" and supporting forms of Hellenistic religion.
The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. [1] In 303, the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius issued a series of edicts rescinding Christians' legal rights and demanding that they comply with traditional religious practices.
The monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate wrote in their Book of Saints (1921), . Montanus, Lucius, Julian, Victorious, Flavian and Others (SS.) MM. (Feb. 24) (3rd cent.) Some of the many Christians, disciples of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, who were put to death during the fierce persecution of Christianity under the Emperor Valerian (A.D. 2