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ERISA established minimum funding requirements for pension plans, which includes defined benefit plans and money purchase plans but not profit sharing or stock bonus plans. Before the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA), a defined benefit plan maintained a funding standard account , which was charged annually for the cost of benefits earned ...
Stock appreciation rights (SARs) and phantom stock are very similar plans. Both essentially are cash bonus plans, although some plans pay out the benefits in the form of shares. SARs typically provide the employee with a cash payment based on the increase in the value of a stated number of shares over a specific period of time.
An Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) in the United States is a defined contribution plan, a form of retirement plan as defined by 4975(e)(7)of IRS codes, which became a qualified retirement plan in 1974. [1] [2] It is one of the methods of employee participation in corporate ownership.
In the United States, a 401(k) plan is an employer-sponsored, defined-contribution, personal pension (savings) account, as defined in subsection 401(k) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. [1] Periodic employee contributions come directly out of their paychecks, and may be matched by the employer. This pre-tax option is what makes 401(k) plans ...
Stock options also present a potential up-side gain (if the stock price goes up) for the executive, but no downside risk (if the stock price does down, the option is simply not exercises). Stock options therefore can incentivise excessive risk-seeking behaviour that can lead to catastrophic corporate failures.
An issue of bonus shares is referred to as a bonus share issue. A bonus issue is usually based upon the number of shares that shareholders already own. [2] (For example, the bonus issue may be "n shares for each x shares held"; but with fractions of a share not permitted.) While the issue of bonus shares increases the total number of shares ...
The amount of the discount depends on the specific plan but can be around 15% lower than the market price. [3] [4] ESPPs can also be subject to a vesting schedule, or length of time before the stock is available to the employees, which is typically one or two years of service. These stocks are not taxed until they are sold. [5]
[1] Employee stock purchase plans (ESPPs) are a program run by companies for their employees, enabling them to purchase company shares at a discounted price. These schemes may or may not qualify as tax efficient. In the U.S., stock options granted to employees are of two forms, that differ primarily in their tax treatment. They may be either: